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Preliminary study of groundwater denitrification using a composite membrane bioreactor

Lihui ZHANG, Guomin CAO, Yulei FEI, Hong DING, Mei SHENG, Yongdi LIU

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2011年第5卷第4期页码 604-609 doi: 10.1007/s11783-011-0274-x

摘要： A composite membrane bioreactor (CMBR) integrating the immobilized cell technique and the membrane separation technology was developed for groundwater denitrification. The CMBR had two well mixed compartments with one filled with the nitrate- containing influent and the other with a dilute ethanol solution; the compartments were separated by the composite membrane consisting of a microporous membrane facing the influent and an immobilized cell membrane facing the ethanol solution. Nitrate and ethanol molecules diffused from the respective compartments into the immobilized cell membrane where nitrate was reduced to gaseous nitrogen by the denitrifying bacteria present there with ethanol as the carbon source. The microporous membrane was attached to one side of the immobilized cell membrane for retention of the disaggregated bacteria. Relative to the single dose of external ethanol, the two-dose supplementation produced better treatment results as evidenced by the lower concentrations of and ethanol (as measured by total organic carbon) of the effluent. The batch treatment in CMBR removed most of the nitrate in the influent and attained a stable denitrification rate of 0.1 g·m ·h for most of the 96-h cycles during the 30-cycle study. The effluent was essentially free of ethanol and nitrite nitrogen.

关键词： groundwater nitrate denitrification composite membrane bioreactor (CMBR) immobilized cell membrane

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TiO supported IrO for anode reversal tolerance in proton exchange membrane fuel cell

《能源前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第5期页码 852-861 doi: 10.1007/s11708-021-0811-7

摘要： Fuel starvation can occur and cause damage to the cell when proton exchange membrane fuel cells operate under complex working conditions. In this case, carbon corrosion occurs. Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts can alleviate carbon corrosion by introducing water electrolysis at a lower potential at the anode in fuel shortage. The mixture of hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) and unsupported OER catalyst not only reduces the electrolysis efficiency, but also influences the initial performance of the fuel cell. Herein, Ti₄O₇ supported IrO_x is synthesized by utilizing the surfactant-assistant method and serves as reversal tolerant components in the anode. When the cell reverse time is less than 100 min, the cell voltage of the MEA added with IrO_x/Ti₄O₇ has almost no attenuation. Besides, the MEA has a longer reversal time (530 min) than IrO_x (75 min), showing an excellent reversal tolerance. The results of electron microscopy spectroscopy show that IrO_x particles have a good dispersity on the surface of Ti₄O₇ and IrO_x/Ti₄O₇ particles are uniformly dispersed on the anode catalytic layer. After the stability test, the Ti₄O₇ support has little decay, demonstrating a high electrochemical stability. IrO_x/Ti₄O₇ with a high dispersity has a great potential to the application on the reversal tolerance anode of the fuel cell.

关键词： proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) fuel starvation cell reverse reversal tolerance anode oxygen evolution reaction

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Facile discovery of red blood cell deformation and compromised membrane/skeleton assembly in Prader–Willi

《医学前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第6期页码 946-956 doi: 10.1007/s11684-022-0962-x

摘要： Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) is a rare congenital disease with genetic alterations in chromosome 15. Although genetic disorders and DNA methylation abnormalities involved in PWS have been investigated to a significant degree, other anomalies such as those in erythrocytes may occur and these have not been clearly elucidated. In the present study, we uncovered slight anemia in children with PWS that was associated with increased red blood cell (RBC) distribution width (RDW) and contrarily reduced hematocrit (HCT) values. Intriguingly, the increased ratio in RDW to HCT allowed sufficient differentiation between the PWS patients from the healthy controls and, importantly, with individuals exhibiting conventional obesity. Further morphologic examinations revealed a significant deformity in erythrocytes and mild hemolysis in PWS patients. Comprehensive mechanistic investigations unveiled compromised membrane skeletal assembly and membrane lipid composition, and revealed a reduced F-actin/G-actin ratio in PWS patients. We ascribed these phenotypic changes in erythrocytes to the observed genetic defects, including DNA methylation abnormalities. Our collective data allowed us to uncover RBC deformation in children with PWS, and this may constitute an auxiliary indicator of PWS in early childhood.

关键词： Prader–Willi syndrome early diagnosis erythrocyte deformation membrane skeleton membrane lipid

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Nano thermo-hydrodynamics method for investigating cell membrane fluidity

YANG Yang, LIU Jing

《能源前沿（英文）》 2008年第2卷第2期页码 121-128 doi: 10.1007/s11708-008-0033-2

摘要： As a barrier to compartmentalize cells, membranes form the interface between a cell and its surroundings. The essential function of a membrane is to maintain a relatively stable environment in the cell, exchange substances selectively and transfer energy and information continually from the outside. It is intriguing that above the phase transition temperature, the membrane lipid molecule will have three modes–lateral diffusion, rotational movement and flip-flop activity. These thermodynamic processes are vital to cell existence, growth, division, differentiation and are also responsible for hundreds of thousands of phenomena in life. Previously, species transport across the membrane was interpreted mainly from a phenomenological view using a lumped system model. Therefore, detailed flow processes occurred in the membrane domain and clues related to life mechanism were not sufficiently tackled. Such important issues can be clarified by modeling nano scale thermal hydrodynamics over the gap space of a cell membrane. Previously observed complex membrane behaviors will be shown in this paper and explained by the thermally induced fluidic convections inside the membrane. A correlation between nano scale hydrodynamics, non-equilibrium thermodynamics and cell membrane activities is set up. The disclosed mechanisms are expected to provide a new viewpoint on the interaction between intracellular and extracellular processes through the membrane.

关键词： responsible phenomenological phenomena modes–lateral diffusion differentiation

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Plasma for cancer treatment: How can RONS penetrate through the cell membrane?

Annemie Bogaerts, Maksudbek Yusupov, Jamoliddin Razzokov, Jonas Van der Paal

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第2期页码 253-263 doi: 10.1007/s11705-018-1786-8

摘要： Plasma is gaining increasing interest for cancer treatment, but the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood. Using computer simulations at the molecular level, we try to gain better insight in how plasma-generated reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) can penetrate through the cell membrane. Specifically, we compare the permeability of various (hydrophilic and hydrophobic) RONS across both oxidized and non-oxidized cell membranes. We also study pore formation, and how it is hampered by higher concentrations of cholesterol in the cell membrane, and we illustrate the much higher permeability of H O through aquaporin channels. Both mechanisms may explain the selective cytotoxic effect of plasma towards cancer cells. Finally, we also discuss the synergistic effect of plasma-induced oxidation and electric fields towards pore formation.

关键词： plasma medicine cancer treatment computer modelling cell membrane reactive oxygen and nitrogen species

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Immobilized

Pei MA, Dan ZHANG

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第4期页码 498-508 doi: 10.1007/s11783-012-0429-4

摘要： To investigate the potential use of ( ) residue for Cd adsorption, poly alcohol Na alginate (PVA) was applied to immobilize it. The parameters including contact time, pH, adsorbent dosages, and coexisting metal ions were studied. The suitable pH for immobilized was 4–7 wider than that for raw (pH 6–7). In the presence of Pb concentration varying from 0 to 30 mg·L , the Cd adsorption ratios declined by 6.71% and 47.45% for immobilized and raw , respectively. While, with the coexisting ion Cu concentration varied from 0 to 30 mg·L , the Cd adsorption ratios declined by 12.97% and 50.56% for immobilized and raw , respectively. The Cd adsorption isotherms in single–metal and dual-metal solutions were analyzed by using Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin–Radushkevich models. The Cd adsorption capacities ( ) in single-metal solution were 6.448 mg·L and 2.832 mg·L for immobilized and raw , respectively. The of immobilized were 1.850 mg Cd·g in Cd + Pb solution and 3.961 mg Cd·g in Cd + Cu solution, respectively. The Cd adsorption processes subjected to both adsorbents follow pseudo-second-order model. Mechanism study showed the functional group of was –OH, –NH, –CO, and PVA played an important role in metal adsorbing. Mining wastewater treatment test showed that PVA–SA-immobilized was effective in mixed pollutant treatment even for wastewater containing metal ions in very low concentration.

关键词： immobilization Lentinus edodes residue competitive adsorption isotherm

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Degradation of bisphenol A by microorganisms immobilized on polyvinyl alcohol microspheres

Xue BAI, Hanchang SHI, Zhengfang YE, Qiujin SUN, Qing WANG, Zhongyou WANG

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2013年第7卷第6期页码 844-850 doi: 10.1007/s11783-013-0487-2

摘要： In this study, microorganisms (named B111) were immobilized on polyvinyl alcohol microspheres prepared by the inverse suspension crosslinked method. The biodegradation of bisphenol A (BPA) and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, a degradation product of BPA, by free and immobilized B111 was investigated. The BPA degradation studies were carried out at initial BPA concentrations ranging from 25 to 150 mg·L . The affinity constant K and maximum degradation rate were 98.3 mg·L and 19.7 mg·mg VSS·d for free B111, as well as 87.2 mg·L and 21.1 mg·mg VSS·d for immobilized B111, respectively. 16S rDNA gene sequence analyses confirmed that the dominant genera were and for BPA biodegradation in microorganisms B111.

关键词： bisphenol A polyvinyl alcohol immobilized microorganisms 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde

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Anion-exchange membrane direct ethanol fuel cells: Status and perspective

T.S. Zhao, Y.S. Li, S.Y. Shen

《能源前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第4期页码 443-458 doi: 10.1007/s11708-010-0127-5

摘要： Direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFCs) are a promising carbon-neutral and sustainable power source for portable, mobile, and stationary applications. However, conventional DEFCs that use acid proton-exchange membranes (typically Nafion type) and platinum-based catalysts exhibit low performance (i.e., the state-of-the-art peak power density is 79.5 mW/cm at 90°C). Anion-exchange membrane (AEM) DEFCs that use low-cost AEM and non-platinum catalysts have recently been demonstrated to yield a much better performance (i.e., the state-of-the-art peak power density is 160 mW/cm at 80°C). This paper provides a comprehensive review of past research on the development of AEM DEFCs, including the aspects of catalysts, AEMs, and single-cell design and performance. Current and future research challenges are identified along with potential strategies to overcome them.

关键词： fuel cell direct ethanol fuel cells anion-exchange membrane ethanol oxidation reaction oxygen reduction reaction cell performance

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Mercury removal and recovery by immobilized

Meifang CHIEN, Ryo NAKAHATA, Tetsuya ONO, Keisuke MIYAUCHI, Ginro ENDO

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第2期页码 192-197 doi: 10.1007/s11705-012-1284-3

摘要： From several mercury removing microorganisms, we selected MB1, which is non-pathogenic, broad-spectrum mercury resistant, mercuric ion reducing, heat tolerant, and spore-forming, as a useful bacterium for bioremediation of mercury pollution. In this study, mercury removal performance of the immobilized MB1 was investigated to develop safe, efficient and stable catalytic bio-agent for mercury bioremediation. The results showed that the alginate gel immobilized MB1 cells efficiently removed 80% of mercury from the solution containing 10 mg/L mercuric chloride within 24 h. These cells still had high activity of mercury removal even after mercuric ion loading was repeated for nine times. The analysis of mercury contents of the alginate beads with and without immobilized MB1 suggested that a large portion of reduced metallic mercury was trapped in the gel beads. It was concluded that the alginate gel immobilized MB1 cells have potential to remove and recover mercury from mercury-containing water.

关键词： mercury removal immobilized bacteria alginate gel bioremediation

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A comprehensive assessment on the durability of gas diffusion electrode materials in PEM fuel cell stack

Arunkumar JAYAKUMAR

《能源前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第2期页码 325-338 doi: 10.1007/s11708-019-0618-y

摘要： Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell is the most promising among the various types of fuel cells. Though it has found its applications in numerous fields, the cost and durability are key barriers impeding the commercialization of PEM fuel cell stack. The crucial and expensive component involved in it is the gas diffusion electrode (GDE) and its degradation, which limits the performance and life of the fuel cell stack. A critical analysis and comprehensive understanding of the structural and functional properties of various materials involved in the GDE can help us to address the related durability and cost issues. This paper reviews the key GDE components, and in specific, the root causes influencing the durability. It also envisages the role of novel materials and provides a critical recommendation to improve the GDE durability.

关键词： PEM fuel cell gas diffusion electrode(GDE) gas diffusion layer(GDL) membrane electrode assembly durability fuel cell catalyst

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固定化溶菌酶的氧化石墨烯/聚醚砜杂化超滤膜制备及抗菌性能研究

朱军勇,王琼柯,许欣,刘绰绰,刘金盾,张亚涛

《中国工程科学》 2014年第16卷第7期页码 23-29

摘要：

以氧化石墨烯（GO）为固定酶载体，在水溶液中通过静电吸附及氢键作用实现溶菌酶(Ly)的固定化得到GO-Ly。并将已固定化酶的GO为添加剂，以聚醚砜为膜材料，采用相转化法制备杂化超滤膜。考察了添加剂含量对膜形态、亲水性、分离性能、力学性能及抗菌性能的影响。结果表明，GO-Ly 的加入使杂化膜的亲水性及纯水通量得到明显提高，同时拉伸强度也得到一定改善；尤其当GO-Ly 添加量为1.5 %（质量分数）时，膜的纯水通量达到318 L/(m²· h)，并且对聚乙烯醇（PVA 30 000~70 000）的截留率维持在99 %以上，对大肠杆菌的抑菌率可达68 %。

关键词：氧化石墨烯溶菌酶聚醚砜超滤膜抗菌性能

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Failure mode investigation of fuel cell for vehicle application

Zhongjun HOU, Renfang WANG, Keyong WANG, Weiyu SHI, Danming XING, Hongchun JIANG

《能源前沿（英文）》 2017年第11卷第3期页码 318-325 doi: 10.1007/s11708-017-0488-0

摘要： The durability of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) has been posing a key technical challenge to commercial spread of fuel cell vehicles (FCVs). To improve the durability, it is necessary to optimize the fuel cell system (FCS) design against failure modes. The fuel cell durability research method at FCS scale was exhibited, and the failure modes of fuel cell were experimentally investigated in this paper. It is found that the fuel cell dry operation, start/stop cycle and gas diffusion layer (GDL) flooding are typical failure modes of fuel cells. After the modifications against the failure modes, the durability of FCSs is improved to over 3000 h step by step.

关键词： proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) fuel cell system (FCS) durability failure mode fuel cell vehicle (FCV) carbon corrosion water management

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Enhanced methane production during long-term UASB operation at high organic loads as enabled by the immobilized

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第6期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-021-1505-4

摘要：

• Fungi enable the constant UASB operation even at OLR of 25.0 kg/(m³×d).

关键词： Anaerobic digestion Fungi Methane production High OLR Microbial community

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Simultaneously recovering electricity and water from wastewater by osmotic microbial fuel cells: Performance and membrane

Yuqin Lu, Xiao Bian, Hailong Wang, Xinhua Wang, Yueping Ren, Xiufen Li

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2018年第12卷第4期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-018-1049-4

摘要：

OsMFC can simultaneously recover electricity and water from wastewater.

Membrane fouling played an important role in flux decline of FO membrane in OsMFCs.

Biofouling was the major fouling of the FO membrane in OsMFCs.

The growth of biofouling layer on the FO membrane can be divided into three stages.

Microorganisms were the dominant biofoulant in the biofouling layer.

关键词： Microbial fuel cell Forward osmosis Membrane fouling Biofouling Wastewater treatment

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A linear quadratic regulator control of a stand-alone PEM fuel cell power plant

Amar BENAISSA, Boualaga RABHI, Ammar MOUSSI, Dahmani AISSA

《能源前沿（英文）》 2014年第8卷第1期页码 62-72 doi: 10.1007/s11708-013-0291-5

摘要： This paper introduces a technique based on linear quadratic regulator (LQR) to control the output voltage at the load point versus load variation from a stand-alone proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell power plant (FCPP) for a group housing use. The controller modifies the optimal gains by minimizing a cost function, and the phase angle of the AC output voltage to control the active and reactive power output from an FCPP to match the terminal load. The control actions are based on feedback signals from the terminal load, output voltage and fuel cell feedback current. The topology chosen for the simulation consists of a 45 kW proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), boost type DC/DC converter, a three-phase DC/AC inverter followed by an LC filter. Simulation results show that the proposed control strategy operated at low commutation frequency (2 kHz) offers good performances versus load variations with low total harmonic distortions (THD) , which is very useful for high power applications.

关键词： modeling of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) controlling of PEMFC linear quadratic regulator (LQR) DC/DC converter DC/AC inverter